For all the Tea in China by Sarah Rose Essay Example for Free

For all(a) the Tea in China by Sarah Rose EssayFor all the Tea in China -How England Stole the Worlds Favorite Drink and Changed History as the subtitle foreshadows the story already. Before I had even read the view as I assumed it would be a journey of betrayal, action and only closed off to the events that occur res as Robert caboodle underhandedly takes chinas wanted tea right from underneath theyre own noses. But little did I know that it Sarah Rose has incorporated all the events essential to the to cultivation of tea in the mid Nineteenth-century. In Audition to this Historical non-fiction story that may be boring to other(a)s, or as one of my fellow classmates would put it Ive been spacing pop throughout the book I Believe that Sarah Rose Has painted a Vivid image of the nineteenth century, with out a single page, paragraph, or strong belief wasted with unnecessary knowledge to the readers view from how the Royal Horticultural Society of England and the East India Company affected Englands economy, traditions were to a fault created based off of tea lode such as the Annual Tea race. And how World Changed Englands East India Company to officially close down.Robert Fortune, a Scottish gardener, botanist, and worlds best plant hunter, famously cognize for his The British tea Heist which Sarah Rose writes passionately and was inspired by Scott Anderson in this book, and in audition famous for bringing back and documenting new oriental person plants from China to England. Such as lovely tree peonies, and the uniquely streaked ornamental plant Hosta Fortunei. which was named after Robert fortune himself along with some other oriental plants found under his own travels not during the multiple expeditions he was sent to do by the East India Company. Fortune while undergoing the process in sending India seeds that are healthy and germinated.. only if how?Fortune had realized that transporting the seeds in side packages while shipped doesnt stop the life cycle so the seeds that were in anything merely soil were unsuccessful because the environment was unsuitable for the next step of its life which was the sapling.Buy having the tea seeds in the layers of soil and in the warden cases protected from sea spraying forced the seeds to germinate with little watering because, of the warden cases the water that evaporated would just collect and drop back to the tea plant because of the morning delinquent. Which has never been done onward and changed the way of transporting seeds across seas for decades to come, and also solved the problem of transporting larger plants such as towering red woods and,England were now able to transport a whole species in there easy to tend to seed forms. The reason why Fortune had to take on this task of stealing Chinas tea sneaking(a) was because. In the early nineteenth century China and Britain had a shaky relationship of trading Englands opium that China was so addicted to for theyre finest tea which grew high among the hitchhike like mountain karsts of Wuyi in the Fujian provenances.But it was China who Threaten to grow and sell there own opium, and Britain couldnt let that happen because England relied on that finance to gillyflower there tea budget And so if China wanted to play that way so will the British, therefore they sent Fortune. Poorer Qualities of tea already existed nerve-racking to compete with chinas finest tea in the Experimental grounds a part of the Himalayas in India run by the British. But could not duplicate the process of fashioning tea itself or how its grown with out the precious knowledge china was keeping from them world. When Fortune succeeded it had Put Britain at the center of trade because there companies would elevate safer qualities of tea because the Chinese where slowly killing people with dyes and pigments used in paints to color green tea, which sealed Britains choice with the already popular black tea. And also the hold of opium pr oduction as well as tea production, and civilization helped. Fortunes First 12 month period excursion was spent traveling to the Zhejiang and Anhui provenances for kilobyte Tea. He had to disguise himself as a well paid merchant which wasnt enough to get noticed but held enough respect he commonly was given.He needed to do mislead the local Chinese and Tea producers in order to get the information but there was no expatiate in how he did it, which I thought it would be a lot more exhilarating to know the master plan of how he was able to deceive so easily and to be trusted with that much valuable information, and close importantly needed the information of how to process and grow tea or it would be useless to get the thousands of seeds and saplings necessary to start a growing tea profitably with out having a clue of doing so and let them die. Also During Fortunes military expedition it would be impossible to travel the multiple provenances of China with out a Guide or Help t o carry his Warden cases by him self hence he had to hire servants a collie whom preferred to be called that and Wang a business negotiator which served well but was easily influenced into trouble to a common trait that most Chinese did at the time it was called the Squeeze which was extracting money illegally from someone trying to earn a few bucks. And handful of trouble came from Fortunes servants betrayal because Fortune would treat them as any regular employee as they made mistakes or bad decisions that would jeopardize his goal he would punish them fairly but backfired. other tradition the Chinese have Is called Face which is the equivalent of dignity or p put downige, but the actual way it works is still really foggy due to lack of detail about this subject. So when Fortunes ii servant were hired to serve him and he relied on them a lot which gave them a large sum of face, but because of a situation when his collie pulled a Squeeze. It Jeopardized his masters safety but it was fortune who settled the feud by having him return the money and apologize which humbled Collie that caused him to lose face. During Fortunes second expedition to retrieve black tea from the Steep mountain of Wuyi, since both teas were so different and should be treated as two different plants there for Fortune was ordered to take two separate trips. Fortune had hired another servant named Sing Hoo he wasnt was a collie but he was strong and he was intelligent but not a businessmen man, the new loyal servant of Fortunes had once been in the service of a high-ranking mandarin affiliated with the imperial family at Peking. and also bore arms of his former office of the imperial court signified as a flag and serves as a passport throughout the country, it was a gift from the a former master.And during this second trip Fortune disguised himself as a high ranking mandarin from beyond the Great Wall of China which I thought would be hasty compared to lying low on the inaugural trip. Also I thought it was amusingly clever that he chose the people from beyond the Great wall because, they were known for being abnormally taller height than the rest of the population in china which gave an explanation for Fortunes height while infiltrating China. If not for Fortunes treacherous task and constant awareness no matter what might of happened to get under ones skin Fortune hate the country, he could probably hate every single thing in china but I doubt he would never be able to hate Chinas beauty from there great dense bamboo Forests off theyre proud mountains to the peaceful city of serenity named Zhejiang.Fortune was also a naturalist who was touched, and changed, by China and its treasures largely unseen by western eyes, in which found even more beautiful than the landscape of his own country. putting surface Tea was a failure because they had withered even before it had reached India of the improper shipping technique. Even though it had failed Black tea was a succ ess which Changed account statement Forever in Britains favor Trade wise. I had also thought even though its not a picture book I would remember a diagram of important people of the East India Company and The Royal Horticultural Society of England. And definitely a Map of Fortunes Travels Both trips to India and Maybe that trip to Japan.

Teaching Assistant Diploma Course Essay Example for Free

Teaching Assistant Diploma Course EssayQuestions On Assignment One1.Describe how you power contri stille to a lesson given to a group of seven year old children learning to play percussion section instruments.I would contribute to the lesson by low conversing with the instructor for guidance in which atomic number 18as that they would like me to serve up them. By working to sither we could make the whole learning process a fun and educational experience. With me being there to cooperate, it would take the pres accepted off the teacher and enable them to have more than free quality duration for teaching. I would make sure the environment was safe hazard free in advance so that when the children came for their lesson tot entirelyy health safe measures would be in place and adhered to.The instruments would be prompt for the children to use and I would be there for all additional assistance that was required by the teacher or the children.I would also prepare posters o r handouts of the instruments that the children were going to be using so that they would know the names of the instruments, the groups that they belonged to and any other additional information that suited that age group about the lesson.My region overall in the lesson would be to contribute by assisting, maintaining the kindroom, supporting both the teacher and children, encouraging the children in their activities, making sure the environment was safe and secure, ensuring any work that the children produced was mounted and displayed and that the classroom was clean and tidy before and after the lesson.2.What might your role be in organising, using and maintaining the learning resources, material and equipment for this percussion lesson?My job is to make sure that the resources, materials and equipment that is needed for the lesson is ready and obtainable. I would ensure this by firstly liaising with the teacher to check the materials, resources and equipment that would be requ ired for the lesson. This would be make in advance, at least a few days before the lesson to ensure sufficient time to acquire them if they were not available at that time. I would then check to see if we had everything we needed and that it was in good working order, not broken, ripped, pages missing or parts missing. The classroom would also be chequered to see that it reached health and safety standards. I would count and check all the resources so that at the end of the lesson I could account for any missing or damaged. excessively, so that it would make it easier if I needed to report any losses or breakages to the teacher. Once I had checked through it all, the learning resources would then be ready for the children to use in their lesson. I would set them out or distribute them in accordance with the teachers instructions.I would be on hand to assist the children in their activities and to benefactor them with their instruments should they not be sure of how they were pla yed or used. This would be in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.The children would be make aware of the health and safety guidelines for their own sake and the civilizes when using the instruments.When the lesson was finished, the children would then be encouraged to return the instruments and any additional learning resources that they needed to a set point in the class or myself. Once this had been completed, I would then count and check each individual resource for damage and cleanliness. When that had been done, they would then be placed indorse where they had been stored along with the inventory for them and secured.My last job would be to ensure the classroom was clean and hazard free ready for use again.3.Describe how you act in class in order to be an effective role model for the standards of conduct expected in pupils?I would ensure that my conduct and demeanour reflected the policies set by the school at all times to show the pupils consistency. Both me and the teacher should work together on how to interpret the rules, so that we both had clear guidelines on how to deal with all situations that may arise. All the mental faculty would be expected to set a certain standard of behaviour which we all should be do aware of. This should help to promote positivity and a feeling of security.I would always make clear to the pupils what was expected of them from the school and myself as an individual. For good behaviour that they would receive rewards and for bad behaviour sanctions. The school policies would be in a prominent position so that all pupils had a constant reminder of the carriage in which they are expected to conduct themselves. This gives boundaries, which I believe is a very important and effective practice, not only at school but in all areas of life.These rules would continually be repeated to the pupils so that they didnt forget and that would in turn reinforce our expectations of them.By making high quality relationships with the pupils, showing positivity and achieving successful learning, this should all lead to my ability to help any pupil gain their full potential in all areas of their school lives. Also by giving respect and listening to one another, would help develop a good rapport between the teacher and pupils.Children learn behaviour from those rough them and being a child the majority of your time is spent between school and home. Therefore the greatest influences on a childs life lays between those devil areas. So generally, but not always if the child has a good balance between both, then the behavioural outcome would be good.So to sum total up my actions on how I would be an effective role model, I would be fair, polite, attentive, respectful, helpful, consistent, follow all rules given by the school in all areas and enforce them where necessary.4.What strategies might you employ to encourage pupils to behave appropriately? Describe how you might react to incidents of bullying and violence.Any strategies that I may use would be in line with school policies and would be to teach and promote positive behaviour.Praise and encouragement at relevant times. Ensuring the schools behaviour policy is followed by enforcing the schools guidelines on expected behaviour. Encouraging concentration and attention in class on school work tasks. Helping and supporting the pupils to follow instructions and routines given by the school. Encouraging pupils behaviour to be of a good standard at all times. Showing respect and listening to one another.Again alongside these, the school behaviour policy that would be displayed in the classroom would be consistently referred to, to encourage the correct behaviour. Any strategies that I may use would be discussed first with the teacher/teaching staff in school to ensure that we all followed the same procedure and intrepretation of the policies. That way all pupils would expect the same approach towards behaviour from all members of staf f.Bullying is an awful form of behaviour and can have a lasting effect on some people when the cases are severe.Firstly, I would liase with the teacher about how the matter should be dealt with. There are policies in every school about bullying and there should be a zero in tolerance programme designed to deal with matters that may arise concerning this. It would be made clear to the party involved that this form of behaviour would not be tolerated in any way, shape or form. They would be informed that due to their actions consequences would ensue. Bullying isa serious matter and should be treated as such.The situaton would be dealt with age appropriately and according to the particular pupils understanding. I would do the followingEach incident would be dealt with indivdually and the pupils involved assessed separately. There would be made available to the pupils a safe place where they could discuss any incidents privately. Make sure all pupils were aware that bullying is always a serious matter. Respond to all incidents in the same consistent, calm manner. Inform the pupils that the individuals involved would be safe and supported by the school whilst the matter was looked into trying to be resolved. Provide programmes to help deal with underlying issues or problems that the individuals may have. Make sure all incidents are recorded and dealt with quickly and efficiently to help lessen the stress of the matter. emphasis again is another damaging behaviour but more importantly a learned one.The school would have plans and strategies in place for all staff to use should violence occur so that the matter could be dealt with quickly and calmly.I should try to calm the situation between the parties involved and immediately get help to assist should it be required. I should remain calm and composed as not to aggrevate the situation further. Low voice, direct eye contact and outperform between you and them. Direct any other students to leave the area for their s afety and to not cause any more aggrevation to the people involved. If required for them to fetch help to assist the situation. I should talk to the party involved and inform them that their actions were unacceptable and that they needed to calm themselves. I should then suggest to continue the conversation in somewhere more private such as the Head Masters office. Once assistance had arrived, I should keep trying to diffuse the situation and interrogative sentence them towards the Head Masters office to discuss matters further.These type of situations must be handled carefully and brought to a conclusion in the fastest way possible. Reports and notes should be made for future reference and to bring things to a satisfactory conclusion. Any witnesses must be spoken to so that their account of the incident may be account and held as additional evidence.5. Describe how you might appropriately observe the physical abilities and skills of a nine year old boy.To begin with I should disc uss with the teacher which format that they would suggest would be more suitable to the task in hand and we could come to the outperform solution.In order to do this, firstly I would plan how I wished to perform the contemplations, such as times that are best and in the best circumstances that would answer the question. I would do my best to ensure that the pupil being observed wasnt directly aware of being observed, as this may cause him to behave in an unnatural manner, which would deem the observation void.My personal choice of observations to complete the task would be a combination of Time Sampling and Participative observation. The reasons I would choose these two in particular are because of the following. Time sampling because I could choose particular times to concentrate on the physical abilities and skills the boy had by observing him at break time or in a physical education lesson. My notes would consist of what the boy was doing/trying to do and any help they seemed t o need.Participative observation because I could do a task along side the boy or watch him do a task such as playing a game, reading a story or joining in role play. Obviously playing a game and joining in role play would give me more of an insight into the boys physical ablities and skills.I would need to make notes consisting of what the boy was doing or achieving, what he could almost do or needed help with, what he was verbalism and how he interacted with the other pupils or myself.I believe these would be the best observational methods to carry out to assess this boys physical abilities and skills.

The Traditional Family Life Cycle

The Traditional Family Life CycleTraditional Family Life CycleTraditionally the brio cycle, illustrated a progression of spots through which families passed it comprised arranges, starting from bachelorhood (single), to married (couple), to family growth (pargonnthood birth of children), to family contraction (grown up children sledding theatre for studies or employment) to post parenthood (all children leaving home) to dissolution (single survivor death of one of the spouses). Based on these, the traditional FLC send word be synthesized into five basic stages, which may be mentioned as follows item I Bachelorhood Young single adult (male/female) living apart from parents and into a livelihood.Stage II Honeymooners Young married couple.Stage III Parenthood matrimonial couple with at least one child living with them at home.Stage IV Postparenthood An older married couple with no children living at home. Children have left home for studies or for employment.Stage V Dissolution O ne surviving spouse.These stages, consumption patterns and the product preferences are explained below1. Stage I Bachelorhood The stage comprises a young single adult (male/female) living apart from parents and into a livelihood. While in go ins are low as they have just started a career, financial burdens and responsibilities are as well as low. As such bachelors have a laid-back level of disposable in come about.Priorities and Preferences of buy They tend to decease their cash on house rent, basic furniture and kitchen equipment. They are recreation oriented and like to spend on purchase of automobiles (particularly motor bikes), operate (trekking and holidays), adventure sports (motor racing, bungee startle etc.), health clubs, clothes and fashion accessories.Implications for Marketers Marketers realize that bachelors possess large disposable income they find in them an attractive segment for sports, travel, entertainment and fun.2. Stage II Honeymooners The stage comprise s a newly married couple and continues till the first child is born. One of the spouses may be working or both may be working. They are financially better off than they would be in the next stages. If both are working, income is high. If both are working, the couple has discretionary income at flip that permits a good briostyle, and provides for purchases or savings.Priorities and Preferences of grease ones palms They tend to spend on creating a home for themselves. They spend on cars, furniture, curtains and upholstery, electronics, kitchen appliances and utensils, and vacations.Implications for Marketers They form an attractive segment for the marketer as they form the highest purchase rate amongst segments. The highest average purchase of durables takes place in this stage.3. Stage III Parenthood The stage comprises married couples with children. This stage extends for about a long 20-25 year period and could be further broken up into three stages, viz., broad(a) nestle I, Full Nest II and Full Nest III. Throughout these stages, the size and structure of the family in stages changes, so does income and expenses with varying priorities. The financial expenses increase rapidly with children being born in Full Nest I and gradually decrease as children become independent and self-supporting as one reaches Full Nest III.Full Nest I The youngest child in the family is six or below.Priorities and Preferences of Purchase While liquidity of cash is low, expenses are high. The family spends on baby food, diapers, medicines for cough and cold, doctor visits, child toys and games, condition admissions and fees and insurance policies. There are increased expenses on child care.Implications for Marketers At this stage, purchasing is at the peak, and so this is an attractive segment for the marketer. The children in the family begin to move family purchases, and are a huge potential for future.Full Nest II The youngest child in the family is six or above. Genera lly the stage comprises children aged 6-12 years.Priorities and Preferences of Purchase Financial position gets better as one begins to rise up the ladder. If the wife is also working, children are latchkey kids. The family spends on food, clothes for children, education of children, insurance policies and investments. They also pay for medical expenses and particularly, dental treatment. They go in for deals buy larger-size packages, and economy packs. For example, junk food, fashion clothing and accessories, video games etc. are prime demands.Implications for Marketers At this stage, purchasing is still at the peak, and so this is also an attractive segment for the marketer. The children, as also teenagers continue to impact family purchases. The latchkey kids are a potential for home delivered junk food like pizzas and burgers.Full nest III They are older married couples with dependent and/or independent children but staying together at home. Children reach the higher educational level one of them may start earning too.Priorities and Preferences of Purchase The family income continues to increase and so do expenses. The family continues to spend on food, clothes for teenagers, higher education of children, and also repeat purchase of durables that were bought in honeymooning stage or Full Nest I. The family buys new furniture, electronic goods and appliances and cars. Thus there is high average purchase of durables. The family also invests in real estate and property and/or flats. They continue to spend on medical expenses, particularly dentists and visit superior general physicians for regular checkups.Implications for Marketers At this stage, income begins to increase as one of the children begins to earn. As expenses see a rise, the stage offers a potential for marketers.4. Stage IV Postparenthood This is a stage that occurs once children have left home. They leave home first for education, and then for employment. As they complete their education, and find employment, they gradually leave home one by one, thus, leaving the nest. Thus, this stage has also been broken into two stages, viz., Empty Nest I and Empty Nest II. As one moves across Empty Nest I and II, the size and structure of the family changes (quite similar to the Parenthood stage and the Full Nest I, II and III).Empty Nest I This is a stage that occurs when at least one of the children has left home. He/she has completed education, taken up a job and has left home to start his/her home. He/she is independent and can manage on own. While children are managing to start up on their own, parents are still working.Priorities and Preferences of Purchase The family size gradually begins to shrink. Parents are still earning expenses gradually reduce, and so there is highest level of savings and disposable income at hand. The family spends on food, instalments for real estate/house, higher education of the dependent children, and, medical expenses on dentist, physiotherapy a nd heart. They have leisure time in hand, and watch television, movies, and may withal go on a vacation.Implications for Marketers At this stage, the couple beings to again have disposable income in hand. Financial responsibilities towards children begin to decrease. This stage offers potential for marketers who are involved in providing services like leisure, travel and holiday.Empty Nest II In this stage, all the children have left home, and the couple has retired from occupation. They live on pension and other social security investments. If health permits, they take up part-time jobs.Priorities and Preferences of Purchase The couple has higher disposable incomes because of savings and investments, and they have fewer expenses. They decide to spend on all that they had been thinking to spend on but had non been able to because of familial responsibilities. They spend money on food, travel and holidays, watch TV and form hobby clubs. They refurnish their home or may even move to newer homes after retirement. Medical expenses also see a rise. However, for those older retired couples who do not have much income from adequate savings and investments, the situation is much different. There is a sharp drop in their income.Implications for Marketers The stage is lucrative for those involved in the entertainment industry. Many industries provide special discounts in travel and stay as Senior Citizen benefits, for example, hotels, airlines and railways. Banks and financial institutions also have special facilities for those above 60, especially higher rates of interest on deposits.5. Stage V Dissolution This stage in the FLC occurs when one of the couple dies, and leaves behind the other surviving spouse.Priorities and Preferences of Purchase When one of the spouses is still earning, or earns money from savings and investments, things are little easier. However, if he/she is not earning, he/she follows a lifestyle that is economical. The primary expenditure is on medicines, checkups with doctors and restrictive diet.Implications for Marketers The stage is characteristic of a widow/widower with lower income and least shopping and expenses.Modifications to the FLCWith changes in our society, a change in the traditional Family Life Cycle and the unlike stages through which it progressed earlier. There are various forms like single late marriages divorced (with/without children) dual income, no kids, live-ins etc. Consumer researchers have thus brought about changes in the traditional FLC, so as to reflect changes in the family and lifestyle arrangements. Broadly speaking households may be classified as family households and non-family households (single individual or live-ins). Each of these family types has varying features and characteristics, which also get exhibited in their buying patterns and consumption expenditure.Family life cycle of Dominos PizzaBachelorhood Dominos pizza does not come under this stage because the income a person i s real low and have to spend their money on house rent, basic furniture and kitchen equipment.Honeymooners Dominos pizza comes under this stage because they tend to spend their money more.Parenthood Dominos pizza also comes into this stage because in this the family income increases and then family continues to spend on food, clothes etc.Post parenthood Dominos pizza comes under this stage because family is small but wants doing expenses.Dissolution Dominos pizza does not come under this stage because their primary expenditure is on medicines, checkups and doctors.Family life cycle of Mobile squallsBachelorhood Mobile phones come under this stage because the income a person is very low but they have to spend their money on automobiles, clothes etc.Honeymooners Mobile phones come under this stage because they tend to spend their money more.Parenthood Mobile Phones also come into this stage because in this the family income increases and then family continues to spend on food, cloth es, accessories etc.Post parenthood Mobile phones come under this stage because family is small but wants doing expenses.Dissolution Mobile Phone does not come under this stage because their primary expenditure is on medicines, checkups and doctors.Family life cycle of Mutual pecuniary resourceBachelorhood Mutual Funds does not come under this stage because the income a person is very low but they have to spend their money on automobiles, clothes etc.Honeymooners Mutual Funds come under this stage because they tend to spend their money more.Parenthood Mutual Funds also come into this stage because in this the family income increases and then family continues to spend on food, clothes, accessories etc.Post parenthood Mutual Funds come under this stage because family is small but wants doing expenses.Dissolution Mutual Funds come under this stage because their primary expenditure is on medicines, checkups and doctors and spend for future stability.

How has US Immigration Policy been Criticized over Time?

How has US in-migration Policy been Criticized over Time?Directions How has US immigration form _or_ system of government been criticized over time? Students submit to consider public ch aloneenges to immigration policy. Write a paragraph using evidence from the sources that compares and contrasts the arguments make in opposition to troika historical approaches to immigration policy.Use the Venn diagram to service organize your informationStudents will examine the actual legislation behind the three actions taken or so immigration.Sources UsedSource A Political cartoon, The Americanese Wall-as Congressman Burnett Would Build ItSource B Excerpt from a speech by Meyer JacobsteinSource C 1965 in-migration Law Changed Face of AmericaCriticismsSource ASource BSource CList the criticisms of each immigration policy before physical composition your one page paperFeatured SourceSource A Raymond O. Evans, cartoon, The Americanese Wall-as Congressman John Lawson Burnett Would Build It, P uck, March 25, 1916 state-supported domain. Available from the Library of Congress http//www.loc.gov/pictures/ choice/cph.3b00563/.Featured SourceSource B Senator Meyer Jacobstein of New York, congressional speech arguing against immigration restrictions, Congressional Record (excerpt),1924Perhaps the chief argument uttered or implied by those favoring the Johnson bill the Immigration Act of 1924 is that the recent immigrant is non of a type that can be assimilated or that he will not carry on the best traditions of the founders of our Nation, but, on the contrary, is equally to fill our jails, our almshouses, and separate institutions that impose a great tax burden on the Nation.Based on this prejudice and dislike, t present has grown up an almost fanatical anti-immigration sentiment. But this charge against the newcomers is denied, and substantial evidence has been brought to prove that they do not furnish a disproportionate share of the inmates of these institutions. One of t he purposes in shifting to the 1890 census is to reduce the number of undesirables and defectives in our institutions. In fact, this aspect of the question must stool made a very deep impression on the delegacy because it crops come to the fore on every occasion. The committee has unquestionably been influenced by the conclusions drawn from a film made by Dr. Laughlin.This is not the first time in American history that such an anti-foreign hysteria has swept the country. Reread your American histories. Go clog and glance through McMasters History of the United States covering the years from 1820 to 1850. You will find t here many pages devoted to the 100 per centers of that time. So strange was the faeces against the foreigner in those decades before the Civil War that a national political party, the Know-Nothing Party, sought to ride into power on the crest of this fanatical wave.In those early days, however, the anti-foreign movement, strangely enough, was directed against t he very good deal whom we now seek to prefer-the English, the Irish, and the Germans. The calamity howlers of a century ago prophesied that these foreigners would drag our Nation to destruction.The trouble is that the committee is suffering from a delusion. It is carried away with the belief that there is such a thing as a Nordic race which possesses all the virtues, and in like manner creates the fiction of an inferior group of peoples, for which no name has been invented.Nothing is more un-American. Nothing could be more dangerous, in a land the ecesis of which says that all men are created equal, than to write into our law a theory which puts one race above another, which stamps one group of people as supreme and another as inferior. The fact that it is camouflaged in a maze of statistics will not protect this Nation from the evil consequences of such an unscientific, un-American, wicked philosophy.Public domain. Congressional Record, 1924.Featured SourceSource C Jennifer Ludd en, transcript of All Things Considered program about immigration policy, 1965 Immigration Law Changed Face of America discipline Public Radio, May 9, 2006NOTE Students should listen to the piece online at http//www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395.Transcript1965 Immigration Law Changed Face of AmericaMay 09, 2006MICHELE NORRIS, HostFrom NPR News, this is exclusively THINGS CONSIDERED. Im Michele Norris.ROBERT SIEGEL, HostAnd Im Robert Siegel.As Congress considers sweeping changes to immigration law, nearly all the debate has centered on the problem of iniquitous immigration. Theres been very olive-sized sing about the concerns of legal immigrants, the estimated three to four million people who are, as its often say, already standing in line.NORRIS Today were leaving to begin a three-part series about the process of immigrating to the U.S. legally. First, were going to step back and look at the history of our immigration law. The current system dates to 1965. It marked a thorough break with previous policy and has led to profound demographic changes. As NPRs Jennifer Ludden reports, thats not how the law was seen when it was passed.JENNIFER LUDDEN This is the kind of rally that was taking place back then.(SOUNDBITE OF civil RIGHTS RALLY)LUDDEN At the height of the Civil Rights movement, equality, democracy, freedom were the ideas that seized the nation. And against them, the way the United States decided which foreigners could and could not enter the country became an increasing embarrassment.STEPHEN KLINEBERG I mean, the law was just tall(a) in its clarity of racism.LUDDEN Stephen Klineberg is a sociologist at Rice University.KLINEBERG It declared that Northern Europeans are a superior subspecies of the white race. The Nordics were superior to the Alpines, who in magical spell were superior to the Mediterraneans, and all of them were superior to the Jews and the Asians.LUDDEN By the 1960s, Greeks, Poles, Portuguese and Italians wer e complaining that immigration quotas discriminated against them in favor of Western Europeans. The Democratic Party took up their cause, led by the new president. Heres John F. Kennedy speaking to the Italian migration in June 1963.JOHN F. KENNEDY There are still a good many brothers and sisters of American citizens who are otiose to get here, who may drive home preferences as members of families, but because of the maldistribution of quotas in the European area, we have this situation, which has become nearly intolerable.LUDDEN After Kennedys assassination, Congress passed and President Lyndon Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Services Act. It leveled the immigration playing field, giving a nearly equal shot to newcomers from every corner of the world. The ceremony was held at the foot of the symbolically stringy Statue of Liberty. But if cable TV networks had been there, they probably would not have broken in live. Heres how President Johnson began his speech.LYND ON JOHNSON This bill that we will sign today is not a revolutionary bill. It does not affect the lives of millions. It will not reshape the structure of our daily lives or really add importantly to either our wealth or our power.LUDDEN Hearing that now, it is an amazing statement because it proved so wrong. So how could Johnson say that? Sociologist Klineberg says the governments newfound sense of egalitarianism only went so far. The central purpose of the new immigration law was to reunite families.KLINEBERG So the Congress then said, well, nothings going to change, because were going to give preference to people who are already, who are related to people who are already here. Then it added another provision, if you were a professional of exceptional ability, if you have skills that are in demonstrably short supply, you, too, can come to the orient of the line.Congress was saying in its debates, we need to open the door for some more British doctors, some more German engineers. It never occurred to anyone, literally, that there were going to be African doctors, Indian engineers, Chinese computer programmers whod be able, for the first time in the 20th century, to immigrate to America.LUDDEN In fact, adroit after expert had testified before Congress that little would change. Secretary of State Dean Rusk repeatedly stressed the issue wasnt the numbers. No more people were likely to come, it was manifestly the principle.Listen to this reading of an exchange between Secretary Rusk and a skeptical Senator Sam Irvin, Democrat of North Carolina.Unidentified Man 1 You have in India a lot of people who would like to get into this country, do you not?Unidentified Man 2 We dont have a long postponement list.Man 1 It is because they havent been able to get in. Even with a bleak opportunity to get in, as they have, they have 150 applications for every visa that could be issued.NORRIS Yes, the present estimate, based upon the best information we can get, is there might be, say, 8,000 immigrants from India in the next five years. In other words, I dont think we have a particular picture of a world situation where everybody is just straining to move to the United States.OTIS GRAHAM When I first started examine this, I thought, now theyre lying, because they want this thing to pass.LUDDEN But historian Otis Graham, professor emeritus of the University of California at Santa Barbara, changed his mind.GRAHAM I changed my mind because Ive found, in the research that Ive been able to do, that so many lobbyists that followed this issue, so many labor union executives that followed this issue, so many church people, so many of those involved said the same thing. So you find ignorance three feet deep. Maybe ignorance is the answer.KAREN NARASAKI I often wonder whether some of the people knew, but perhaps werent sharing that with other people. Because it would panic attack them.LUDDEN Karen Narasaki heads the Asian American Justice Center. She finds the 1 965 immigration overhaul all the more extraordinary because theres evidence it was not popular with the public.NARASAKI It was not what people were marching in the streets over in the 1960s. It was really a group of political elect(ip)s who, I think, were trying to look into the future of the United States. And again, it was the issue of, are we going to be true to what we say our values are?MARIAN SMITH Well here you are in the CIS Historical Reference Library, our history office and library.LUDDEN Marian Smith is the historian for Citizenship and Immigration Services, one of the agencies that replaced the old INS. The files of documents here can be mundane, but the walls are framed with have it awayly older maps, population charts and demographic bar graphs.SMITH Apparently we had funds back then to actually pay for these kind of color lithographs that would be printed each year.LUDDEN In 1965, the political elite on Capitol Hill may not have predicted a mass increase in immigr ation, but Marian Smith pulls out a little agency booklet from the 1966 that certainly did. It explains how each provision in the new law would lead to a rapid increase in applications, a self-aggrandizing jump in workload and more and more so as word trickled out to those newly eligible to come. Smith says a lifetime of immigration backlogs had built up among Americas foreign-born minorities.SMITH And so, they will petition for their family members and they will petition for their family members. And whether were talking about immigrants from Asia, Latin America, Africa, all these portions of the world where there is a demand for immigration. After World War II and with the post colonial status of many of these places, the shifting populations, the ability sometimes for people now to matrimony their family in America, that maybe the only reason wasnt the inability to get a quota visa for the United States. Maybe they had trouble getting out before.LUDDEN There were other things n o one could have predicted, how immigration from Europe dropped off because of lower birth rates and higher standards of living. How Africa imploded and wars and famine there and elsewhere produced waves of refugees. And then the millions of illegal immigrants.But its the system of family-based immigration thats driven this countrys profound demographic transformation. Over time, in a process critics call chain migration, entire families have reestablished themselves in the U.S. Historian Otis Graham thinks the policy has been a terrible mistake.GRAHAM Family reunification puts the decision as to who comes to America in the hands of foreigners. Those decisions are out of the hands of the Congress. They just set up a formula and its kinship. Frankly, it could be called nepotism.LUDDEN In fact, President Kennedys original proposal made skills-based migration the priority. But Graham says a broad lobby pushed for the greater emphasis on families. It included churches, ethnic groups who se members had family in the old country and the AFL-CIO. Graham says the union worried about aspiration from too many highly skilled newcomers.For Karen Narasaki of the Asian American Justice Center, the family focus makes sense.NARASAKI If you think about families and, you know, if you think about the roles that, say, your parents play when you have children. And how they help you, you know, take care of the newborns and provide support for you or how your brothers and sisters in the Asian community, what often happens is brothers and sisters get together and they buy a home together. They pool their money and they buy a business together. And so it, you know, family is very important to not just the social, emotional wellbeing, but also the economic well being of these communities.(SOUNDBITE OF naturalisation CEREMONY)LUDDEN At a recent naturalization ceremony, 32 immigrants gather for their oath in the ornate rotunda of Washingtons National Archives. Of them, three are from We stern Europe. The rest of those gaining citizenship here are overwhelmingly from Africa, Latin American and Asia. At a basement reception, the new citizens pose for pictures holding tiny American flags and a gift peach that includes a refrigerator magnet of the U.S. Constitution and an ATT prepaid calling card. One older woman is radiant in her Sunday best with a wide hat.HANNAH INDOVISI Im from Nigeria. My name is Hannah Indovisi. And you know the meaning of Indovisi? It means life is first.LUDDEN And Indovisi was sponsored by her U.S. citizen son, Samuel.SAMUEL INDOVISI Everybody in the world I dont know if you know this wants to come to the United States of America. All you need to do is go to the embassy, any embassy, and see long, long, long lines of people who want to come here.LUDDEN In fact, Indovisi has a long line of relatives still in Nigeria whod love to come. Its the same with a brand new citizen munching cookies nearby.AMA BALI My name is Ama Bali and Im from Sudan . Yes, I have my parents. I have sisters. I have brothers. And Im going to apply for them to come here soon. I hope so.LUDDEN Are they excited for that? BALI Definitely, definitely. I hope they will be here soon.LUDDEN It may not be soon at all though. The immigration system set up specifically to reunite families is so overwhelmed with applicants, relatives who wait their turn must endure being divided for years. Thats tomorrows story.Used by permission of National Public Radio. http//www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395.

Competition law in Nigeria

contestation legality in NigeriaINTRODUCTIONSCOPE OF THESISThe argona of Competition law in Nigeria remains an atomic number 18a of law that has non been fully tapped. Currently, there is no competition law operating in Nigeria and although there has been a bill, it is in so far to be passed to law. The ongoing lack of a competition law regime has quite predictably led to price-fixing, excessive pricing of products , market concentration as well as domination being the order of the day, each(prenominal) to the detriment of the consumer.The primary objective of this thesis therefore, is to discover the value of introducing Competition law in Nigeria and indeed a arena specific Competition fairness to the Nigerian Communications Industry. The theses lead begin by examining the global significance of Nigeria and the position of Nigeria as a maturation miserliness. This explore further seeks to examine the state of the Nigerian telecommunications industriousness and the step s that excite been taken by the Nigerian governing towards the fount up of the telecommunications industry in Nigeria.The thesis will alike look at both the arguments for and against the introduction of a competition law in Nigeria and a specific competition law in the telecommunications industry which forms the main center of this look.The present situation in Nigeria can be likened to a market where whole the telecommunications providers provide their serve at the same price, a price that always faces to be a little toweringer week after week, In such(prenominal)(prenominal) a case, what might have happened is that the telecommunications providers have formed cartels so that they can force up prices and pass water handsome profits. If such is the case, it is the welfare of the customers that suffers because of the lack of competition.Competition issues in various sectors of the delivery are handled by other regulatory regimes such as The Special Trade and Malpractice s Investigation panel, standards organization of Nigeria, Nigerian gracious Aviation authority, Securities and Exchange commission, Central Bank of Nigeria, and of particular importance to this thesis, The Nigerian Communication Commission (NCC) which is the national regulatory authority for the telecommunications industry in Nigeria. The query that arises however is whether the regulations set out by the NCC are sufficient to promote and preserve competition. This thesis will analyse the position of the NCC as a regulator of the Nigerian telecommunications industry.RATIONALE AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGYIn carrying out this research, the author will rely on a collection of theories, comparative study of the Law in different jurisdictions and Interviews with various individuals who have experience in this field. Primary and secondary sources of information will be used to collect and analyze information to come to a viable conclusion.The primary sources which the author will utilize include authoritative materials of the law such as the Constitution of the Federal res publica of Nigeria, statutes and legislations in force, official publications and judicial decisions relating to competition law, telecommunications law and Privatization in Nigeria. Books, journals, articles, dictionaries, periodicals, bracingspapers, The Federal Competition Bill and net documents will constitute secondary sources of information. These are materials which repair to law but are not themselves authoritative records of legal rules. A comparative study of competition law systems in other jurisdictions will in addition form a part of the study.In order to make this thesis synthetic, the author will sketch headings and arrange materials to accommodate research findings. Headings and cross headings will not nevertheless assist to readily identify where a particular point has been dealt with, it will similarly make the theses flow in a logical way and keep the readers interested. Because the area of law to being researched in this thesis is relatively young in Nigeria, it is necessary to perform foundation research and as such, secondary sources of research will be highly relied upon in this thesis.Challenges of Research MethodologyIt is widely accepted that competition authorities in developed and developing countries alike encounter challenges and obstacles in their effort to promote competition and enforce their various competition laws. While the challenges faced are similar in re endueation their degrees vary across countries. It has been observed that Developing countries such as Nigeria do not generally place the effectuation and administration of competition law on their priority lists. They are generally of the mind that it is like giving a silk tie to a hungry child.However, with the changing global landscape, trade barriers being outside and markets becoming more integrated, developing countries find themselves in the situation in which they no w have no choice but to institute the relevant legislation. The apparatusation of institutional reform that the developed countries took several decades to accomplish is now being thrust upon developing countries which do not have the luxury of time, the requisite dexterity or the resources.In the same vein, in carrying out research on competition law in the Nigerian telecommunications industry, the author came across various research challenges. The main challenge has been the inability to get research materials. This is due to the fact that the area of research is still in its infant stage in Nigeria as a result there is not exuberant written material on it.Further, it is a very contentious and political issue as a result companies, institutions and individuals who have access to necessary material or information are not willing to release information.The Bureaucratic nature of Nigerian Institutions also posed as a major challenge to this research. This is because there are man y levels of management, much paperwork and impersonal officials working to a fixed routine who seem to find it difficult to provide necessary information or give necessary interviews which would be advantageous to this research paper. The unstable state of the Nigerian Telecommunications expressage (NITEL) which operated monopoly status in the Nigerian Telecommunications industry for a long time also proved to be a challenge in getting research information. This is because as management of NITEL changed, the operations change and this makes it difficult to get information on previous happenings in the company.Other challenges faced by the author in the research process came in the reverberate interview process. This is because some people do not have telephones or do not have their telephone public figures listed. People also often dislike intrusion of a call to their homes and never have time for a telephone interview at work. Also telephone interviews need to be relatively shor t or people get impatient or feel imposed on.The use of the internet as a form of research also came with its own challenges some of which include accuracy and reliability of information obtained from online sources and difficulties in verifying a writers credentials. state of matter PROFILE AND GLOBAL SIGNIFICANCE OF NIGERIAThe Federal commonwealth of Nigeria consists of 36 states and 774 local government activitys administrations. The Capital city is Abuja, located in the Federal Capital Territory and it is geographically situated in the middle of the Country.Nigeria has a commonwealth of over 148 million making it the largest market in sub-Saharan Africa with reasonably skilled and potential men for efficient and effective management of investment projects within the orbit. Nigeria is a regional power and it is listed among the Next eleven economiesNigeria is a nation blessed with an abundance of ingrained and mineral resources as well as renewable energy sources. Its oil r eserves make Nigeria in the league of the top ten petroleum productive nations, and by far the most affluent in Africa. Nigeria is a member of the organisation of petroleum exporting nations which makes it significant to the world at large. The petroleum industry in Nigeria has brought odd changes in the Nigerian preservation, particularly in the sometime(prenominal) five decades when it replaced agriculture as the cornerstone of the Nigerian economy and contributes the lion cover of in the nations gross domestic product, accounting for the bulk of federal government revenue and conflicting exchange earnings.The Nigerian economy can be exposit as most promising. Nigeria has however been long hobbled by political instability, corruption, inadequate infrastructure, and poor macroeconomic management. Nigerias former military rulers failed to diversify the economy away from its overdependence on the crownwork-intensive oil sector, which provides 95% of immaterial exchange earn ings and about 80% of budgetary revenues. Following the signing of an IMF stand-by agreement in August 2000, Nigeria received a debt-restructuring deal from the Paris Club and a $1 billion credit from the IMF, both contingent on economic reforms.Nigeria has a mixed economy which accommodates all individuals, corporate organisations and government agencies to invest in almost all economic activities. Over the last decade, the Nigerian government has introduced some economic measures such as liberalisation and privatisation of sectors that had been monopolies, with the purpose of introducing competition, wealth creation and encouraging foreign investors.In 2003, the Nigerian government instituted the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), a domestically designed and run program modelled on the IMFs Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility for fiscal and monetary management4. NEEDS focused on tetrad key strategies poverty reduction, wealth creation, employment g eneration and value re-orientation. The initiative has recorded remarkable achievements, meeting most of its targets, and in some instances surpassing them. In noneember 2005, Nigeria won Paris Club approval for a debt-relief deal that eliminated $18 billion of debt in exchange for $12 billion in payments a entire package worth $30 billion of Nigerias total $37 billion outdoor(a) debt. The deal requires Nigeria to be subject to stringent IMF reviews.OVERVIEW OF THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRYThe telecommunications industry forms a major infrastructural requirement for any meaningful economic growth to take place in a country. The importance of a robust telecommunications infrastructure cannot be over emphasized as it is pertinent to economic growth, and constitutes a significant persona of the worlds economy. This chapter discusses the historical and present state of the global telecommunications industry with particular focus on Nigeria. The Chapter will consider the policy a pproach to deregulation of the Nigerian telecommunications industry, as well as provide an overview of the evolution of the Nigerian telecommunications industry from the colonial times to full liberalisation as is the position nowOver the last one hundred and thirty (130) years, the global telecommunications industry has experienced an unprecedented growth from an almost unnoticed analogue telephony to a modern digital mobile communication with billions of subscribers worldwide. This is evident in the Europe and Latin American telecommunications market worth 424bn in 2007, with mobile services accounting for 51%.The Evolution of the Global Telecommunications IndustryThe African telecommunications market being the fastest growing telecoms market in the world plays host to the next wave of global competition. In 2006 alone, mobile companies signed up about 60 million new subscribers across the continent, as many people as the entire population of the United Kingdom.Africas unique i nfrastructure challenges have made telecommunications (particularly mobile phones) an indispensable railway line and social tool. Despite impressive recent growth in telecommunications, incursion rates in Africa remain relatively low, thereby suggesting a large rudimentary potential market in this populous continent. It is expected that 260 million new subscribers will be added across Africa by 2014, nearly equal to the present population of the entire United States of America.THE NIGERIAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRYIn consonance with the global trend in the telecommunications industry, Nigeria shares a similar success story over the past 130 years of navigating its telecommunications operations. The figure below shows incremental successes achieved within the Nigeria telecoms industry.The Evolution of the Nigerian Telecommunications IndustryHISTORY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN NIGERIATelecommunications facilities came into being in 1886 by the colonial administration. The initial pu rpose was merely to carry out administrative duties as opposed to the provision of socio economic development for the country. Thus, the introduction of public telegraph services connecting Lagos by submarine cable along the west coast of Africa to Ghana, Sierra-Leone, Gambia and on to England was more important than an efficient telecommunications network.Subsequently, as at 1960 when Nigeria gained her independence, there were only 18,724 telephone lines available for a population estimated at 40 million people. This translated to a tele-density of about 0.5 telephone lines per 1,000 people. The telephone network consisted of 121 exchanges out of which 116 were of the manual (magneto) type and only 5 were automatic. Since independence, there have been a number of development plans for the expansion and modernisation of the telecommunications networks and services. Most of these plans were not fully implemented.After the Nigerian Independence in 1965 and up until 1985, the telecomm unications industry was shared out into The department of Posts and Telecommunications (P T) and The Nigerian External Telecommunications (NET) Limited, P T took charge of the internal network while NET overlooked the external telecommunications services and provided the gateway to the outside world.By the end of 1985, the installed switching capacity was about 200,000 lines as against the planned target of about 460,000. All the exchanges were analogue, and telephone penetration remained poor equal to 1 telephone line to 440 inhabitants, well below the target of 1 telephone line to 100 inhabitants recommended by the International Telecommunications marriage (ITU) for developing countries. The quality of service was largely unsatisfactory, the telephone was unreliable, congested, expensive and customer unfriendly.These unsatisfactory services led to the split of P T in January 1985, it was divided into Postal Division and Telecommunications Divisions. The telecommunications div ision was merged with NET to form Nigerian Telecommunications Limited (NITEL),a limited liability Company, while the Postal Division was reconstituted into another organisation called the Nigerian Postal Service (NIPOST).NITELOn establishment, NITEL became the national operator for telecommunications services in Nigeria. Although efforts are being made to privatise NITEL, and indeed there was a recent privatisation attempt where by 51% equity stake of NITEL was sold to core investors, this privatisation attempt was reversed and NITEL remains wholly owned by the regimen of Nigeria.NITEL was set up to reverse the defects which characterised telecommunications development from independence up until 198411. Its main objective was to harmonise the co ordination of the external and internal telecommunications services, rationalise investments in telecommunications development and provide easy access, efficient and affordable services.The historical key businesses of NITEL include fixed t elephony services including international, internet, payphone and interconnection Long distance immune carrier including fixed international calls and satellite services cellular, including all cellular activity carried out within M-Tel.After the inception of NITEL,little progress was made in the development of the telecommunications industry and it was still characterised with poor management, lack of accountability and transparency and inefficiency.At this time, NITEL occupied a monopoly status and being owned by the presidency, this resulted in its having a weak infrastructure base, high unmet imply, Lines concentrated in selected urban areas, slow growth of subscriber base and limited investment into the telecommunications sector.In order to face up these short comings, and in line with what obtains in several developed nations, The Government of Nigeria identified that Liberalisation of the Telecommunications market was essential for rapid network growth. Private sector par ticipation was essential for attracting monetary resources, innovation and new technology. The industry was gum olibanum deregulated through the establishment of the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) by Decree No. 75 of 1992.The NCC has since approved almost 200 operating licenses for private providers of various telecommunications services, including internet services providers, which of course has in turn generated a high demand for telecommunications equipment, accessories, consultancy and technical partnerships. In addition, NITEL has approved various private firms to be connected to its switching systems so as to provide more lines (with greater efficiency and service) and thus act as a buffer for the grossly inadequate NITEL services.Despite all these efforts, it was quite clear that there was a dire need for the Nigerian Government to be more pro-active about improving telecommunications.As such, in 2000, the NCC awarded licenses for Global System of Mobile Communica tions (GSM) to NITEL by auction to two preferred bidders Econet Wireless Nigeria Limited and MTN Nigeria Limited. The licenses were bought at almost US$240million dollars, the highest amounts ever paid for such licenses in the world. The GSM technology has completely overshadowed NITELs land lines, as the demand is high for them due to efficiency, despite the astronomical tariffs its consumers are subjected to.These cumulative events eventually spurred the NCC, through the Bureau of Public Enterprises (its secretariat) to seek to privatise NITEL by requesting for Core investors to acquire controlling interest in the entity and manage its day to day activities.The privatization of NITEL has always been shrouded in controversies and politics. Many people are of the view that the Federal Government has not shown enough seriousness or sincerity in the many attempts to sell the telecommunications company. The first attempt in 2002 to privatise NITEL could not materialise due to the fa ilure of investment International Limited (ILL) of Britain to pay the $1.317 billion it offered for the 31 per cent shares of the company. ILL paid up the mandatory 10 per cent deposit, but was unable to make up the balance by the end of several deadline Periods, thereby derailing the process.Another attempt was made in 2003 with the engagement of a Dutch company, called Pentascope to manage NITEL and put it on sound footing preparatory to its sale. This one also collapsed. In the third attempt, Orascomm of Egypt offered $256.43 million for 51 per cent shares of NITEL. This offer was considered ridiculously low, and, so the government cancelled the deal.This has been the story of the efforts to privatize this big and potentially rich government-owned telecommunications firm. One deal that stood out was the Pentascope agreement. While Pentascope was expected to revitalize NITEL, Pentascope ended up not only ruining the company but it mounting up huge debts for the company as well. I n particular, when Pentascope took over NITEL in March 2003, NITEL had about N17.7 billion in its coffers. However about a year later when its agreement with NITEL was margininated, it had left NITEL with a debt burden of N38 billion and a reduction in the number of functional land lines from 455,000 to 288,000.It therefore seems correct to state that the singular error of picking Pentascope as the management consultant to NITEL in 2003 is largely responsible for the pitiful condition the company finds itself in today.In 2006, 51 per cent equity in NITEL was sold to another company, Transnational Corporation16, (TRANSCORP), for US $ 500 million. However, this process also failed to turn around the operator as TRANSCORP has been unable to raise the money to overcome the many problems of NITEL.The Nigerian government holds 49% of NITEL. The government however, wants Transcorp to sell 27% of Nitel to a new investor, which would then purchase a further 24% from the government to take control. This new core investor was scheduled to take over in February 2009 however this has not yet happened.In the meantime, the NCC has awarded a second national carrier license to Globacom Nigeria Limited, the only company out of three who expressed an raise that was able to come up with the US$20 million 10% deposit of the Auction price requested by the NCC. Government was of the belief that a second National carrier would offer much needed competition to NITEL. Globacom has since commenced operations and as of today, it has the third highest subscriber network in the Country.POLICY nest TO DEREGULATION AND PRIVATIZATIONLiberalisation and privatisationIt was only a matter of time before it became clear to Nigerian policy-makers that a shift in its policies was required. The over-regulation of the economy had arrest unhelpful, the economy was anaemic, and the Government had trouble keeping up with subventions to State owned enterprises, many of whom, at any rate, were ineffic iently and unprofitably run.For SOEs in the telecommunication sector such as NITEL, the implications of its inefficiency for the entire economy were very far-reaching as it contributed to the retardation of the countrys overall industrial development.The merits of a deregulated economy were thus too overpowering for the Nigerian Government to ignore much-needed foreign direct investment was to be attracted, bringing in tow the required technology, management and technical skills that would not only boost the economy but would transform the SOEs. To achieve this, however, it was obvious that radical legal reforms would have to be undertaken.Following the collapse of communism and apartheid, more countries joined the race for foreign investors. Investment climates therefore needed to be competitive. Before then, through the indigenisation policy pursued since the early 1970s, foreign investors in Nigeria had to contend with ceding a portion of their business to local investors. The re al challenge, however, lay in removing regulation and monopoly so that foreign investors could have a level playing field. What followed was a rash of laws designed to facilitate foreign direct investment in Nigeria.Significant among these reforms was the repeal of the Nigerian Enterprises promotional materials Decree 1989 (under which the indigenisation policy was sustained), and in its place came the Nigerian Investment Promotion Decree No.16, 1995 which made it possible for an enterprise to be 100 per cent owned by foreign investors. Also, the Exchange Control Act 1990 under which foreign investors required the approval of the Minister of Finance in order to transfer profits abroad was repealed in favour of the outside(prenominal) Exchange Decree No.15, 1995 that guaranteed throw overboard transfer of capital. The Companies Act 1968 was also repealed in favour of the Companies and Allied Matters Act, 1990, a more comprehensive and forward-looking company code. Against these re forms, Nigeria began its gradual journey towards deregulation, privatisation and a unbosom market economy.However, as the free market was a model that had never previously been applied in Nigeria, its handlers had trouble grappling with it, and this led to the initial efforts being short-lived.This was followed by another privatisation law, the Bureau of Public Enterprises Decree, 1993.PrivatizationIn every great monarchy in Europe, the sale of crown lands will produce a very large sum of money, which if applied to the payment of public debts, would deliver from mortgage a much greater revenue than any which those lands have ever afforded to the crownWhen the crown lands become private property, they will in the course of a few years become well improved and well cultivated ADAM SMITH, WEALTH OF NATIONS (1776).The term privatization is used to describe a range of different policy initiatives designed to alter the balance between the public and private sectors. It commonly refers to the transfer of possession and control of enterprise from the state to the private sector.This may occur in various ways, such as, the sale of all or part of the privatized companys equity to the public, or the sale of the company as a complete entity. It may also take the form of joint ventures, where the private sector will invest in a public enterprisePrivatization as a tool for economic management came about in the early 1970s when Chile became the first country to turn public businesses to private operators. Since then, over 140 countries have embraced privatization as a route to economic growth and prosperity.In the process of privatization, more investible capital has been injected into the various economies through local and foreign investors to the benefit of the country at large. In the process, funds that would have been committed to the maintenance of otherwise inefficient enterprises have been freed into more productive sectors of the economy.Privatization in NigeriaPr ivatization in Nigeria was formally introduced by the Privatization and commercialization Act of 198825, This Act set up the Technical Committee on Privatization and Commercialization (TCPC) with a mandate to privatize 111 public enterprises and commercialize 34 others. In 1993, having privatized 88 out of the 111 enterprises listed in the decree, the TCPC concluded its assignment and submitted a final report. found on the recommendation of the TCPC, the Federal Military Government promulgated the Bureau for Public Enterprises Act of 1993, which repealed the 1988 Act and set up the Bureau for Public Enterprises (BPE) to implement the privatization program in Nigeria.As at May 1999 the Federal Government investment in these public enterprises was in the region of US$100 billion. In spite of these massive investments, however, public enterprises have failed to perform the functions and attain the objectives for which they were set up. The gross failure of these enterprises to live up to expectations is partly responsible for the current bear towards economic liberalization, competition and privatization. The philosophy behind privatization in Nigeria therefore is to restructure and rationalize the public sector not only to lessen the dominance of bootless investments in the sector but also to initiate the process of gradual cession to the private sector of public enterprises which are believed to be better operated by the private sector.It is also expected that the privatization programme will provide the channel for reintegrating Nigeria back into the global economy as a platform to attract foreign direct investment in an open, fair and transparent manner.THE ENABLING PRIVATISATION LAWSPublic Enterprises (Privatisation and Commercialisation) Act 1999 provides the enabling legislation for the implementation of the privatization and commercialization programme. This Act created the National Council on Privatization (NCP) whose functions includemaking policies on privatization and commercializationdetermining the modalities for privatization and advising the government accordinglydetermining the timing of privatization for particular enterprisesapproving the prices for shares and the appointment of privatization advisersensuring that commercialized public enterprises are managed in accordance with sound commercial principles and prudent financial practices andInterfacing between the public enterprises and the supervising ministries in order to ensure effective monitoring and safeguarding of the managerial autonomy of the public enterprises.The 1999 Act also established the Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE) as the secretariat of the National Council on Privatization. The functions of the bureau include among others to do the followersimplement the councils policies on privatization and commercializationprepare public enterprises approved by the council for privatization and commercializationadvise the council on capital restructuring nee ds of enterprises to be privatizedensure financial discipline and accountability of commercialized enterprisesmake recommendations to the council in the appointment of consultants, advisers, investment bankers, issuing houses, stockbrokers, solicitors, trustees, accountants, and other professionals required for the purpose of either privatization or commercialization and batten the success of privatization and commercialization implementation through monitoring and evaluation.The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999Nigerian laws dealing with the issues of privatization do not exist in a vacuum. It is part of the body of laws governing the transfer and acquisition of property in Nigeria. The most fundamental legal document in Nigeria is the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999. Under sections 43 and 44 of the Constitution, the right of the individual to own movable and immovable property is guaranteed by the Constitution. As a corollary to this guarant ee, these properties cannot be acquired by the Government without the payment of compensation.The issue that has been discussed very frequently is whether the guarantees protect the sale of shares. This depends on whether the shares are movable property under the Constitution. It has been argued that since shares are choses in action they are not strictly so called movable property. They are special specie consequently they are not protected under the Constitution. If this argument prevails it means that if a NEW Government which does not share the philosophy of the recent Governments ascends to power, it can reacquire the shares which it had disposed off through privatisation without any obligation to pay compensation for the share.At present the position of the Constitution should not create any serious alarm because, Under the Nigeria Investment Promotion Commission Act, Decree No. 16 1995 (the law enacted to encourage inflow of investments in Nigeria) the Government of Nigeria g uarantees expressly that no compulsory acquisition of enterprises and interests shall take place in Nigeria. This clearly includes chooses in action.Foreign Exchange (Monitoring and Miscellaneous Provisions) Decree 1995A major factor which provided a catalyst for the privatization process was the need to attract foreign investment. The commanding height of the economy theory had failed to attract investments. The oil boom had disappeared and it was necessary to augment national revenue through foreign investment.The laws governing the allocation of foreign exchange had to be adapted in such a manner as to make it very attractive to the foreign investor. Consistent with this spirit of liberalization and privatization of the economy the rules

William Blake Essay -- William Blake Essays

William BlakeWilliam Blake is one of Englands most famous literary figures. He is remembered and admired for his skill as a painter, engraver, and poet. He was born on Nov. 28, 1757 to a poor Hosiers family living in or around London. Being of a poor family, Blake received little in the course of comfort or education while growing up. Amazingly, he did not attend school for very long and dropped out shortly after learning to read and issue so that he could work in his fathers shop. The life of a hosier however was not the right path for Blake as he exhibited azoic on a skill for reading and drawing. Blakes skill for reading can be seen in his understanding for and use of works such as the Bible and Greek classic literature. Interestingly enough, Blakes skill for writing went largely unnoticed throughout his life. One of his more famous works, Songs of Innocence, which he wrote and illustrated, with the jockstrap of his wife Catherine Boucher, sold slowly and for only a few shilli ngs during his day. Today a copy of this work sells for thousands. While his skill as a generator was not recognized until after his passing, at the ripen of 14 his father noticed his skill as an artist and apprenticed him to James Basire, a mention Engraver of the time. After spending some time as an apprentice and student at the Royal Academy, Blake was able to set up his own engraving commercial enterprise at 27 Broad Street in London. This venture proved to be largely unsuccessful and from this point on, in the year 1784, at the age of 27, Blakes career as an engraver-poet-prophet began. In addition to being a poet and engraver Blake is described as a prophet because many of his works are themed with religion. There is license that Blake was in chill outed with his se... ...influence is absent from earth. This is why in line 16 the poems narrator is asking earth to Turn away no more because until matinee idol and thus the earth pay attention to earth again the starry floo r and watry shore which represent ration and chaos are going to continually struggle for power. The break of day in the last line is the coming of god when and if he does. Right now however according to Blake the earth is still fallen and this is why life is the experience that he describes it to be. Overall I think that Blakes point to be made is that life is not controlled by God and that he does not feel the presence of god in his life. If he were to accept god then he would have no way of explaining why his life is as it is. He tries to show people who disagree with this point their errors in thinking by using graphic images of reality as proof of his point.

Influence of the Spanish on Puerto Rican Society :: Puerto Rico History Historical Essays

Influence of the Spanish on Puerto Rican SocietyIn the histories of Colonial Latin America there is oneness common aspect and that is the importation of slaves as a labor force. The resulting consequences for the territory are vital if we are to understand the develop ment of the society. In Puerto Rico these consequences tummy mainly with African influence on the peasantry, the corrective measures taken thereafter to negate the African influence, and the results of these corrective measures.The Tainos, the natives of Puerto Rico, were extensive agriculturalists as well as a highly organized people. They developed techniques, such as irrigation, which was new to agriculture and at the same time increased the productivity of their crops, like the yuca their main staple. another(prenominal) unique feature to the Taino society was the relationship between man and woman. The Tainos gender roles were markedly different from those of the European nations. For example the matrilineal arra ngements allowed both men and women to become the chiefs of their respective villages. Spanish settlers were critical, upon arrival, of the Taino lifestyle. Unfortunately Taino influence is rarely felt due to their rapid demise.Although the natives of Borikn were Taino, it is argued that the first Puerto Ricans were black Puerto Ricans. Spanish occupation well-nigh eliminated Native influences by the way of the decimation of the people as a result of disease brought across the atlantic by the Spanish settlers. In this way the Taino were minimally influential in forming a new cultural identity. The descendants of the first African slaves had already become black Puerto Ricans(Gonzlez 10) when Spaniards from the canary islands arrived to replace those who had left in search of riches in Peru and Mexico. For this reason it is feasible to accept the notion that the Puerto Ricans were in fact black Puerto Ricans. (Gonzlez 10) The African presence was more of a portion in the formation process of the Puerto Rican identity. Of the massive numbers of slaves who survived the voyage there were those who were fortunate enough to escape into the hinterland. Here they found refuge from the hardship of orchard labor along with the opportunity to join the peasantry that also searched for refuge. The jbaros used the broken topography of the interior as an ally in its struggle with the expanding sugar plantations (Scarano 6) This intermixing of the devil cultures forged several similarities.